Breastfeeding promotion must be seen as a priority for the improvement of health and quality of life of children and their families. The strategies should vary according to the population, its culture, habits, beliefs, socio-economic level and other characteristcs. Nevertheless, awareness of the importance of breastfeeding is crucial in any strategy. This review article aims to increase this awareness among health professionals. Epidemiologic evidences of the importance of breastfeeding for the mother and child health are addressed. Emphasis is given to the impact of breastfeeding on infant mortality, morbidity and nutritional status, as well as on birth spacing. Further, this article discusses some breastfeeding promotion activities, specially educational programs for health professionals, pregnant women, parturients and general population. Changes in hospital routines, mass media, milk substitute marketing, protection of working mothers and community activities are also addressed.